Abstract

 Introduction

    Purpose and Scope

    Acknowledgments

    Previous Studies

    Watershed Characteristics

      Climate

      Soils

      Land Use

      Topography

      Geology

      Surficial Deposits

      Bedrock

 Precipitation-runoff Model

    Schematization

    Data

    Calibration

      Pervious Areas

      Impervious Areas

      Channels

    Simulation Error

      Input-source Error

         Precipitation

         Other Input-source Errors

      Model Error

         Annual and Seasonal Water Budgets

         Non-winter Stormflow

         Winter Snowpack Buildup and Melt

      Other Analysis of Model Calibration

         Traveltime

         Flow Duration

         Log-Pearson Type-III

Low Flow

High Flow

         Hydrograph Separation

      Sensitivity Analysis

         Response of Overland Flow

         Channel Storage

         Parameter Values

 Model Application

    Effects of Development on Runoff

      Representing Future Development as an Open/Residential Land

      Representing Future Development as Impervious Land

      Comparison of Runoff from Open/Residential Land with Runoff from Impervious Land

      Effects of Development on High- and Low-Flow Distribution

    Effects of Stormwater Detention on Runoff from a Hypothetical Residential Development

      Detention-Basin Design

      Effects of Runoff Detention on Downstream Flooding

 Summary and Conclusions

  References Cited

  Figures

      1.  Map showing principal geographic features of Onondaga County, N.Y., and location of

        Ninemile Creek watershed model area

      2.  Graph showing mean monthly precipitation at Syracuse Airport and Skaneateles, N.Y.

   3 - 8. Maps showing geographic characteristics of the Ninemile Creek watershed model area:

      3.  Soils

      4.  Land use

      5.  Slopes

      6.  Surficial geology

      7.  Bedrock geology

      8.  Subbasins delineations, stream schematization, and gages

  9 - 37  Graphs showing:

      9.  Precipitation at Syracuse Airport and Otisco gages, Onondaga County, N.Y., 1990-96:

         (A) Annual precipitation. (B) Monthly precipitation

     10.  Precipitation recorded at four gages in and near the Ninemile Creek watershed,

        Onondaga County, N.Y., during storm of July 1-2, 1995

     11.  Simulated discharge in relation to observed discharge at Ninemile Creek at Camillus,

         water years 1989-96; (A) Annual discharge. (B) Monthly discharge

     12.  Monthly precipitation and discharge for Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y.,

        water years 1989-96: (A) Precipitation. (B) Observed and simulated discharge.

        (C) Simulated discharge minus observed discharge.

     13.  Monthly error for simulated discharge minus observed discharge of Ninemile

        Creek at Camillus, N.Y., water years 1989-96

     14.  Observed nonwinter stormflow at Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., water years

         1995-96 in relation to simulated values: (A) Runoff volume. (B) Peak discharge

     15.  Percent difference between simulated and observed storm-runoff volume for

        Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., for 30 non-winter 1995-96 storms: (A) By month,

        and in relation to (B) Precipitation volume. (C) Antecedent precipitation.

        (D) Precipitation intensity.

     16.  Percent difference between simulated and observed peak discharge for

        Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y. for 30 non-winter 1995-96 storms: (A) By

        month, and in relation to (B) Precipitation volume. (C) Antecedent precipitation.

        (D) Precipitation intensity.

     17.  Daily precipitation, observed discharge, and simulatedflow components for

        Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., water years 1989-96: (A) Water years 1989-92.

        (B) Water years 1993-96.

     18.  Winter runoff and snowpack buildup and melt at Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y,

        1995-96: (A) Simulated and observed snowpack water eqivalent.(B) Simulated minus

         observed snowpack water equivalent. (C) Simulated and observed discharge.

     19.  Observed and simulated traveltimes in Ninemile Creek for five discharges

        between Marietta and Camillus, N.Y.

     20.  Duration curves for simulated and observed daily discharges of Ninemile Creek at

        Camillus, N.Y., water years 1989-96: (A)flow-duration. (B) recession-rate duration.

     21.  Log-Pearson Type III analysis of simulated and observed low-flows of Ninemile

        Creek at Camillus, N.Y: (A) 3-day lowflows. (B) 30-day lowflows.

     22.  Log-Pearson Type III analysis of simulated and observed high-flows of Ninemile Creek

        at Camillus, N.Y: (A) Peak discharge. (B) 3-day highflows. (B) 30-day highflows.

     23.  Hydrograph separation of simulated and observed dailyflows of Ninemile Creek at

        Camillus, N.Y., by fixed-interval method, water years 1989-96.

    24.  Simulated surface runoff, interflow, and baseflow for three types of impervious land

        surfaces (IMPLND's) and 14 types of pervious land surfaces (PERLND's) in the

        Ninemile Creek watershed model area, Onondaga County, N.Y.: (A) Average annual

        value for water years 1989-96. (B) A low-flow month (August 1991). (C) A high-flow

        month (April 1993)

    25.  Distribution of simulated hydrologic-component values for each of the 14 pervious

        hydrologic response units (PERLND's) in the Ninemile Creek watershed model area,

        Onondaga County, N.Y., water years 1989-96: (A) Surface runoff. (B) Interflow.

        (C) Baseflow

    26.  Percent error in four simulations of Ninemile Creek discharges at Camillus, N.Y.

        non-winter storms of 1995-96: (A) Runoff volume. (B) Peak discharge.

    27.  Observed and simulated spring, summer, and winter stormflows of Ninemile Creek at

        Camillus, N.Y. under present conditions and with future development represented as

        open/residential land at 10-, 50-, and 100-percent buildup

    28.  Observed and simulated spring, summer, and winter stormflows of Ninemile Creek at

        Camillus, N.Y. under present conditions and with future development represented as

        impervious land at 10-, 50-, and 100-percent buildup

    29.  Simulated 1995-96 stormflows of Ninmile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., resulting from 10-, 50-,

        and 100-percent buildup as open/residential land and as impervious land in relation to

        simulated present stormflows: (A) Peak discharge. (B) Runoff volume.

    30.  Simulated runoff components of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., during storm of 

        July 15, 1996 with buildup represented as open/residential land and as impervious land.

    31.  Log Pearson Type-III distribution of observed and simulated peak discharges of Ninemile

        Creek at Camillus, N.Y., for 100-percent buildup as impervious land: (A) Peak discharge.

        (B) 3-day highflow. (C) 30-day highflow

    32.  Simulated runoff of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y., in relation to precipitation in

        simulations of 1995-96 nonwinter storm runoff under present land-use conditions and 

        from a hypothetical moderate density residential development for a 1-year 24-hour design

        storm under wet and dry antecedent conditions

    33.  Simulated pre- and post-development discharge in Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y. from

        a 24-hour design storm of selected recurrence intervals under wet and dry antecedent

        conditions and from a hypothetical postdevelopment stormwater detention basin under

        wet antecedent conditions: (A) 1-year storm. (B) 2-year storm. (C) 10-year storm.

        (D) 25-year storm. (E) 100-year storm.

    34. Pool-surface area, storage capacity, and discharge of a stormwater detention basin to

        serve a hypothetical 147-acre moderate density development near Camillus, N.Y., in

        relation to water stage

    35.  Observed discharge of Ninemile Creek at Camillus and Marietta, N.Y., during the January

        1996 storm and the difference between the twoflows

    36.  Simulatedflows in Ninemile Creek watershed, Onondaga County, N.Y., resulting from

        a 100-year, 24-hour storm at a hypothetical 147-acre residential development with and

        without a stormwater detention basin: (A) Storm precipitation. (B) Discharge of Ninemile

        Creek at Camillus, outflow from the detention basin, and uncontrolled runoff.

        (C) Difference between outflow from the detention basin and runoff from the development.

        (D) Discharge of Ninemile Creek at Camillus, outflow from the detention basin, and

        uncontrolled runoff from the development with basin capacity decreased by 50 percent

    37.  Simulated discharge of West Hill tributary in the Ninemile Creek watershed, Onondaga

        County, N.Y., resulting from storms of selected recurrence intervals under present

        conditions (no upstream development) and with a 147-acre moderate-density residential

        development with and without a stormwater-detention basin

 

 

  Tables

   1. Model hydrologic response units (HRU's) in Ninemile Creek watershed,

     Onondaga, N.Y.

   2. Types, locations, source, and period of record of data assembled for simulations and

     calibration of runoff model of Ninemile Creek, Onondaga County, N.Y.

   3. Non-winter storm precipitation at four gages in, or near, the Ninemile Creek

     watershed, Onondaga County, N.Y.

   4. Observed and simulated annual discharge, Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y.,

     water years 1989-90

   5. Observed and simulated seasonal discharges for Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y.,

      water years 1989-96

   6. Differences between observed and simulated 1995-96 non-winter storm runoff

     volume and peak discharge for Ninemile Creek at Camillus, N.Y.

   7. Mean error and root mean square error (RMSE) for 30 non-winter-storm volumes and

      peak discharge in Ninemile Creek at Camillus, Onondaga County, N.Y.,1995-96

   8. Sensitivity of runoff characteristics in Ninemile Creek, Onondaga County, N.Y., to

     selected model PERLND (pervious area) parameters, October 1988 through

     September 1996

   9. Maximum future development density and percent impervious area estimated for six

     land-zoning categories in Ninemile Creek watershed, Onondaga County, N.Y.

  10. Amount of developed area and impervious area, as percent of the total watershed for

     current conditions and for incremental increases in development in the Ninmile Creek

     watershed, Onondaga County, N.Y.

  11. Predicted increases in runoff in Ninemile Creek at Camillus, Onondaga County, N.Y.,

     resulting from future development as open/residential land and as impervious land.

  12. Simulated peak discharge and runoff volume from a hypothetical 147-acre development

     in Ninemile Creek watershed near Camillus, N.Y., under pre-development (forest and

     agricultural) and post-development (moderate-density residential) conditions, for

     24-hour storms of, 1-, 2-, 10-, 25-, and 100-year recurrence intervals.

  Appendixes

  A. Ninemile Creek Watershed Model (HSPF) User Control File (UCI) for

    PERLND and IMPLND Blocks

  B. Duration, observed and simulated base-flow and peak-flow data with simulation error,

    precipitation characteristics, and antecedent conditions for 1995-96 non-winter storms

    in Ninemile Creek watershed, Onondaga County, N.Y.